![]() VNS is an FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of both depression and epilepsy, but it is limited to the management of more severe, intervention-resistant cases as a second or third-line treatment option due to perioperative risks involved with device implantation. Several studies have illustrated that transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) can elicit therapeutic effects that are similar to those produced by its invasive counterpart, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.4Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia. ![]() 3School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.2Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.1ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.Stoddart 1,2 and Tatiana Kameneva 2,4,5 * Yap 1 †, Charlotte Keatch 2 †, Elisabeth Lambert 3,4, Will Woods 3, Paul R.
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